Removal of reactive blue 19 and reactive blue 49 textile dyes by citrus waste biomass from aqueous solution: Equilibrium and kinetic study
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The purpose of this study was to establish the potential of inexpensive and locally available biomaterial, that is, lignocellulosic waste of Citrus sinensis as biosorbent to remove reactive anthraquinone dyes from aqueous solution. The effects of immobilisation and chemical treatment of biosorbent were also explored for the enhanced sorption of dyes. Biosorbent was chemically treated with organic and inorganic reagents of which acetic acid augmented the sorption capacities for Reactive blue 19 and Reactive blue 49 attaining equilibrium in 60 min. While immobilisation of biosorbent into calcium alginate beads reduced the sorption capacity and the time to achieve equilibrium was prolonged up to 120 min. Sorption of both reactive dyes was found to be dependent on pH of media and maximum removal was observed at pH 2. The sorption process was fast and the data followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetic rate equation ( R 2 = 0.99). The equilibrium data were also fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The mechanism of sorption was found to be physiosorption. FTIR analysis and SEM imaging of biosorbent were also carried out to study functional groups involved and morphological changes at the surface of biomass. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it