Radial System Reconfiguration to Minimize Operating Costs in Markets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The operating cost of a radial distribution system may be minimized by reducing the amount of real power and reactive power drawn from the transmission system. Presently, real power is being priced through a market clearing scheme all over North America. Reactive power is an ancillary service and its supply would be priced appropriately in the near future through a clearing market structure. A recent US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission staff report [1] has initiated a discussion on the formulation of a reactive power market. When such a market is designed and operated, large customers (distribution corporations) will have to purchase reactive power along with real power from the transmission corporation through an independent system operator. Envisaging such a prospect, this paper proposes a new method of reconfiguring radial systems considering costs of real and reactive power while maintaining an appropriate voltage profile and level of reliable power supply. The proposed method is tested on sample test systems and reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".