Photoresponsive hydrogel microvalve activated by bacteriorhodopsin proton pumps
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A light driven microvalve activated by a thin organic photoelectric film that controls the expansion and shrinkage of a pH sensitive HEMA-AA hydrogel actuator is described in this paper. The self-assembled monolayer of oriented bacteriorhodopsin (bR) purple membrane patches are immobilized on a porous bio-functionalized gold (Au) surface using a biotin molecular recognition technique. When exposed to visible light, each bR molecule in the monolayer acts as a simple proton pump which transports hydrogen ions from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular side through a transmembrane ion channel that connects both sides of the membrane. The flow of ions from the photon activated bR changes the pH value of the ionic solution that surrounds the gel microactuator. The chargeable polymeric network undergoes a measureable geometric change when the pH of the ionic solution is shifted to the phase transition point pKa. The fabrication of the thin bR film and photo-responsive hybrid hydrogel are discussed. Preliminary experiments show that the 13nm self-assembled photoelectric layer can generate approximately 1.3mV/(mW·cm2) when exposed to an 18mW, 568nm light source. The photo-voltage produced by the monolayer is believed to be sufficient to change the pH of the surrounding ionic solution from its neutral state and trigger the swelling of the gel. Several design issues that need to be resolved before a fully functional light-driven microvalve can be created are identified and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".