The summer northern annular mode and abnormal summer weather in 2003
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The summer Northern Hemisphere annular mode (summer NAM), a new mode determined through empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis for each individual calendar month, can describe aspects of anomalous summers such as the summer of 2003, which featured warm temperatures in Europe, Canada and Russia and cold temperature in Japan. Atmospheric circulation anomalies of the summer NAM closely resemble the anomalies in the summer of 2003 and the summer NAM index was quite large during the period from mid‐July to early August when abnormal weather took place in Europe, Canada and Russia. The index includes representations of hemispheric double‐jet streams and blockings that support extended periods of abnormal weather. The double‐jet is formed and maintained by wave forcing during the period. In contrast to the Arctic and North Atlantic oscillations, the summer NAM pattern accounts for many of the anomalous weather features observed during summer of 2003.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".