Observation of higher order quadrupole excitation frequencies in a linear ion trap
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The resonant frequencies for quadrupole excitation of ions confined with a buffer gas in a linear quadrupole ion trap with Mathieu parameters a = 0 and q approximately 0.36 have been measured. The resonances are predicted to occur at angular frequencies omega(K)n given by omega(K)n = (omega/K)n + beta without the presence of a buffer gas where omega is the angular frequency of the trapping radio frequency, K = 1, 2, 3... is the order of the resonance calculated with perturbation theory, and n = 0, +/-1, +/-2, +/-3.... The resonances are measured through fragmentation of protonated reserpine. The observed frequencies agree closely with the theoretical values but there are small differences which vary from +0.6% at K = 2 to -2.7% at K = 6. This is believed to be the result of the dependence of the resonant frequencies upon the buffer gas density and/or the excitation amplitude. The resolution of the resonances (measured from the depletion of precursor and formation of fragment ions) increased by a factor of 2 as K increased from 1 to 6. This increase in resolution warrants further investigation into the use of higher order resonances for isolation and excitation of trapped ions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".