Bibliographic record
Abstract
Proper migration of the testes, from their original position adjacent to the kidneys to their final location within the scrotum, constitutes a normal and obligatory step of the male sex differentiation process. In humans and other mammals, the developing testis is connected to the abdominal wall by the cranial suspensory ligament and the gubernaculum. A peptide hormone called insulin-like 3 (INSL3) was found to be a master regulator of gonadal positioning in mammals by controlling gubernacular growth [1], but key questions remained. How does INSL3 do it? What pathways are activated by this hormone? In this issue of Biology of Reproduction, Johnson et al. [2] have achieved an important advance in our understandings of testis descent by identifying several pathways activated by INSL3 in the gubernaculum. In 1762, John Hunter [3] published the first description of a structure, the gubernaculum, that “connects the testis with the scrotum and directs its course in its descent.” Several hypotheses have been proposed over the past two centuries to explain the mechanism of testis descent [4]. These theories have included gravity; traction, in which growth of the gubernaculum pulls the testis down; propulsion, in which the testis is expelled from the abdomen by increased intra-abdominal pressure; and involution, in which the testis descends because of atrophy, degeneration, or shrinking of the gubernaculum [4]. It has also been suggested that the gubernaculum is not necessary for descent at all [4]. Today, however, the essential role of the gubernaculum in testis descent is unequivocal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.038 | 0.036 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".