Observation of the density minimum in deeply supercooled confined water
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to measure the density of heavy water contained in 1D cylindrical pores of mesoporous silica material MCM-41-S-15, with pores of diameter of 15 ± 1 Å. In these pores the homogenous nucleation process of bulk water at 235 K does not occur, and the liquid can be supercooled down to at least 160 K. The analysis of SANS data allows us to determine the absolute value of the density of D 2 O as a function of temperature. We observe a density minimum at 210 ± 5 K with a value of 1.041 ± 0.003 g/cm 3 . We show that the results are consistent with the predictions of molecular dynamics simulations of supercooled bulk water. Here we present an experimental report of the existence of the density minimum in supercooled water, which has not been described previously.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it