Measurement of cancellous bone strain during mechanical tests using a new extensometer device
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A device for measuring mid-substance strain in bone during uniaxial compression was developed with special attention to subsequent FE modelling. It is based on dual instrumented cantilever arms that measure the difference in tip-to-tip deflection. The so-called extensometer device was compared to two standard methods of measuring strain based on platen measurements. The extensometer device output was highly linear with tip deflection (r(2)>0.99), and contact of the devices with the specimen was optimized by using an axial distribution of three devices fixed in a free-floating jig. Deflection of the extensometer arms was accurate to 4.8 microm, and precision was between 2-5 microm. Tests included measuring rubber test specimens and cylindrical cancellous bone cores extracted from canine femoral condyles. A trend of decreasing apparent modulus with decreasing strain rate was evident with the extensometer technique. Correlation between the extensometer method and the other two methods was r(2)=0.55. The measure of mid-substance strain avoids non-linearities in the compression tests caused by early failure at the specimen ends, and the uniaxial testing conditions result in boundary conditions that are well suited for subsequent finite element analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".