Drying and wetting characteristics of a two-layer soil column
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The drying and wetting characteristics of a two-layer soil column consisting of a 50 cm thick soil mixture over a 50 cm thick gravelly sand were investigated in this study. A series of infiltration tests were conducted in the laboratory through an infiltration column apparatus equipped with a tensiometer–transducer system, time-domain reflectometry, and water flow measurement system. Numerical analyses were performed using a finite element model to simulate water infiltration into the laboratory model under steady-state and transient conditions. The experimental data and numerical simulation results showed that static nonequilibrium profiles of pore-water pressure head were developed in the gravelly sand shortly after a drying process was started. The low unsaturated permeability of the gravelly sand resulted in a delay in downward water flow into the lower soil layer during a wetting process portion of the rainfall test.Key words: drying and wetting characteristics, soil column, infiltration, numerical analyses, soil-water characteristic curve, permeability function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".