Drying and wetting characteristics of a two-layer soil column
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The drying and wetting characteristics of a two-layer soil column consisting of a 50 cm thick soil mixture over a 50 cm thick gravelly sand were investigated in this study. A series of infiltration tests were conducted in the laboratory through an infiltration column apparatus equipped with a tensiometer–transducer system, time-domain reflectometry, and water flow measurement system. Numerical analyses were performed using a finite element model to simulate water infiltration into the laboratory model under steady-state and transient conditions. The experimental data and numerical simulation results showed that static nonequilibrium profiles of pore-water pressure head were developed in the gravelly sand shortly after a drying process was started. The low unsaturated permeability of the gravelly sand resulted in a delay in downward water flow into the lower soil layer during a wetting process portion of the rainfall test.Key words: drying and wetting characteristics, soil column, infiltration, numerical analyses, soil-water characteristic curve, permeability function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".