Bibliographic record
Abstract
Caffeine is a very common CNS stimulant that has been of interest to physiologists because of its direct effects on skeletal muscle in vitro, as well as ergogenic effects on laboratory tests of human performance. While in vitro studies have clearly demonstrated the effects of the drug on the CNS, the effects of caffeine on the voluntary activation of muscle in humans are less defined. Voluntary as well as involuntary supraspinal input, alpha motor neuron membrane properties, and afferent feedback to spinal and supraspinal neurons all modulate voluntary muscle activation, and caffeine may therefore alter muscle activation at several sites along the motor pathway. This review explores the effects of caffeine on voluntary muscle activation that have been demonstrated in recent human studies and discusses the central mechanisms that may enhance activation. Evidence of caffeine's effects on the motor evoked potential, Hoffman reflex, self-sustained firing of the alpha motor neuron, and pain and force sensation are presented as well as limitations and considerations of using the drug in human neuromuscular studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".