Divalent Cation Addition (Ca <sup>2+</sup> or Mg <sup>2+</sup> ) Stabilizes Biological Treatment of Perchlorate and Nitrate In Ion-Exchange Spent Brine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anaerobic cultures capable of reducing both perchlorate and nitrate simultaneously in a 3 or 6% NaCl synthetic media were tested for their ability to remove perchlorate and nitrate in actual ion-exchange brines. The addition of divalent cations (e.g., Mg2+ and Ca2+), and nolmonovalent ions, in greater than typical concentrations, improved cultures stability and the rate of perchlorate degradation. The optimal condition was when Mg2+ was added to brine to achieve a ratio of Mg2+ to Na+ of 0.11 (mol/mol) in 3 or 5.2% NaCl ion-exchange brine. Under these conditions the inoculum was capable of reducing perchlorate to nondetectable limits at rates up to 120 μg/L · h. In this way the brine can be reused in the perchlorate ion exchange process, thus conserving salt (NaCl), reducing waste brine discharge, and eliminating the reintroduction of the contaminants into the environment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".