Estimation of Reservoir Hydraulic Property From Surface Heave Monitoring During Subsurface Fluid Injection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Subsurface fluid injections, such as wastewater disposal, waterflooding, and CO2 sequestration, cause reservoir dilation. The reservoir dilation induces displacements in the overburden extending up to the ground surface and resulting in surface heave. Previous studies have illustrated that it is possible to delineate the extent of the reservoir dilation from the surface heave measurement using an inverse technique. This paper proposes that the inverse technique can be extended to estimate the growth and propagation of the reservoir dilation during the fluid injection if the surface heave is monitored continually. Then, the reservoir pressure distribution and hydraulic properties could also possibly be determined from the fluid-flow equations. The results obtained from the proposed technique were compared with those obtained from a fully-coupled finite element (FE) simulation of a fluid injection problem. It was found that the numerical tool could be successfully adopted to estimate an approximate value of the reservoir permeability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".