Organic Cation Transporters in Human Nasal Primary Culture: Expression and Functional Activity
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The majority of drugs cross epithelial cells by either passive diffusion or via carrier-mediated drug transporters. The aim of this study was to investigate the transport characteristics, protein expression and localization of organic cation transporters in human nasal epithelium. METHODS & RESULTS: The expression, localization and transport characteristics of the transporters were investigated using permeation, PCR and immunohistochemistry. The uptake of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Its intracellular accumulation of the compound was inhibited by organic cation transporters (OCTs) and carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTNs) inhibitors. Detected OCT1-3, OCTN1 and OCTN2 gene transcripts correlated with immunohistological staining for OCT1-3, OCTN1 and OCTN2 antibodies. Except for OCTN1, the antibodies were generally localized on the apical side of the epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: Based on the immunohistochemical and uptake/transport studies, we conclude that the human nasal epithelium expresses OCT1-3, OCTN1 and OCTN2 transporters mainly on the apical side of the nasal cells.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it