Thy-1 Expression during 3T3-L1 Adipogenesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Thy-1 (also known as CD90) is a small glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily [ 1 ]. It is localized to lipid raft microdomains within the plasma membrane by virtue of a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linkage. In mice, Thy-1 is predominantly expressed in T cells, thymocytes, neurons and bone marrow-derived stem cells [ 1 ] [ 2 ]. Although much is known about the structural properties of the Thy-1 molecule, very little is known about its function. Mice null for Thy-1 have only a subtle phenotype, including a neuronal defect in long-term potentiation, as well as enhanced T cell antigen receptor function [ 3 ] [ 4 ]. The human Thy-1 molecule has been identified as an inflammation-dependent adhesion molecule in endothelial cells, where it mediates interactions with monocytes, granulocytes, and melanoma cells [ 5 ] [ 6 ]. A role in adhesion was also suggested in studies using murine thymoma cells, in which they were reported to bind astrocytes in a Thy-1-dependent manner [ 7 ]. Thy-1 has been detected in human ovarian cells, and functional disruption of Thy-1 expression was noted in human ovarian cancer [ 8 ]. Recently, Thy-1 has been implicated in the adipogenic response of orbital fibroblasts. Approximately 50 % of these cells express Thy-1, so orbital fibroblasts are characterized as Thy-1(+) or Thy-1(-); this classification correlates with differences in cellular processes such as prostaglandin metabolism and glycosaminoglycan production [ 9 ]. Pathological expansion of the retroorbital contents occurs in Graves' ophthalmopathy due to excessive production of hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans, extraocular muscle hypertrophy, and/or adipose tissue accumulation [ 10 ]. A sub-population of orbital fibroblasts is actually preadipocytes, and can differentiate into adipocytes in primary culture when cued appropriately [ 11 ] [ 12 ]. Analysis of Thy-1 protein expression reveals that differentiated orbital adipocytes are all Thy-1(-), suggesting that the Thy-1(-) orbital fibroblasts are the actual preadipocytes [ 12 ]. When orbital fibroblasts are sorted by magnetic bead selection for Thy-1 surface display and then placed in culture, only Thy-1(-) cells acquire lipid droplets [ 13 ]. Since the orbital preadipocyte Thy-1 data may only be specific to this retroorbital depot, we have examined the relationship between Thy-1 expression in an established and more generalized model of adipogenesis - the murine 3T3-L1 adipocyte.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".