Photophysical Studies of Porphyrins and Metalloporphyrins: Accurate Measurements of Fluorescence Spectra and Fluorescence Quantum Yields for Soret Band Excitation of Zinc Tetraphenylporphyrin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the test system zinc tetraphenylporphyrin in ethanol, the S 2 −S 0 and S 1 −S 0 absorption and emission spectra and fluorescence quantum yields have been measured as a function of excitation wavelength within the Soret and Q-bands under conditions where self-absorption of emission and solute aggregation are either eliminated or properly compensated. Under these conditions, the smallest S 2 −S 0 Stokes shift yet measured, 115 cm -1, and the largest S 2 −S 0 absolute fluorescence quantum yield yet measured, 1.84 × 10 -3, are obtained. Accurate measurements of the relative quantum yields of S 2 −S 0 to S 1 −S 0 emission as a function of excitation wavelength reveal that a fast radiationless process that bypasses S 1 is operative among states accessed at excitation energies that span the Soret band. The data can be interpreted using the evidence of Yu, Baskin, and Zewail that a second excited state, S 2 ‘, contributes a small fraction of the Soret band's integrated molar absorptivity and is responsible for an increasing fraction of photon absorption on both the red edge of the Soret band at λ ex > 430 nm and the blue at λ ex < 409 nm. The lifetimes of the S 2 and S 1 states have also been measured under similar conditions; the values obtained confirm previous measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".