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Record W2025652511 · doi:10.2118/164068-ms

The Impact of Dissolved Organic-Carbon Type on the Extent of Reservoir Souring

2013· article· en· W2025652511 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueSPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry · 2013
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicReservoir Engineering and Simulation Methods
Canadian institutionsConocoPhillips (Canada)
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBTEXNitrateEnvironmental chemistryEnvironmental scienceSulfateNutrientDissolved organic carbonSulfate-reducing bacteriaTotal organic carbonEnvironmental engineeringChemistryTolueneOrganic chemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract A reservoir souring forecasting model was presented previously. This model utilized a generic algorithm to determine, via history match, the extent of H2S biogeneration by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) within the waterflooded reservoir such that the production to the surface could be forecasted. The generic algorithm assumed a decline in SRB-usable organic nutrients as a function of water flow within the reservoir. However, nutrient utilization by non-SRB (e.g., nitrate-reducing bacteria) could not be differentiated from the SRB with this model. The current study has incorporated stoichiometry of microbial sulfate and nitrate reduction utilizing both volatile fatty acids (VFA) and BTEX components as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) substrates. This paper presents the updated algorithms and discusses partitioning of the DOC components between oil and water within the reservoir. VFAs such as acetate have historically been assumed to be the favored nutrient source by SRB, but recent field experience has suggested that other DOC sources are contributors. BTEX components, especially toluene, are shown with the model to potentially have a large impact on souring in spite of their limited solubility in the reservoir water. While nitrate usage to control reservoir souring is becoming a "standard" practice, H2S generation in reservoirs with conditions that support BTEX as an SRB nutrient might not be sufficiently inhibited with nitrate.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.284
Threshold uncertainty score0.474

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.262
Teacher spread0.251 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it