Crystallization and Fracture: Product Layer Diffusion in Sulfation of Calcined Limestone
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sintered samples of calcined limestone were sulfated for extended times in a differential reactor to study the reaction kinetics after formation of a product layer. The reaction rate was controlled by product layer diffusion, except during the initial period. The product layer diffusivity increased with temperature, but decreased with increasing SO 2 concentration. The diffusivity not only depends on current conditions, but also on previous conditions that led to the formation of the layer. The results support a crystallization and fracture model and a hypothesis that the rate-limiting mechanism changes from inward gas diffusion control in the early stages to outward ionic diffusion control after formation of a continuous product layer, a change attributed to the need for the reaction to do mechanical work to displace the product layer and make room for increased solid volume at the CaO/CaSO 4 interface. A criterion is established to determine whether a product layer can be fractured. A gas containing 2250 ppm SO 2 at 900 °C cannot fracture a product layer as thick as 233 nm, while such a layer can be fractured by steam at 250 °C and a partial pressure of 1 bar.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it