Characteristics of head impacts sustained by youth ice hockey players
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to measure the magnitude of head impacts sustained by 14 male, youth (13 years old) ice hockey players wearing instrumented helmets, and to compare impacts across event type (practice, game), player position, and location. Head impact magnitudes were captured during 58 games and 51 practices. Mixed linear models were utilized to analyze differences by event type, player position, and location of impact. Game impact magnitudes were significantly greater than practice impacts. Impacts sustained by forwards were similar in magnitude to those sustained by defensemen. Significant differences between head impact locations across all player positions were observed. Impacts to the top of the head were significantly greater than impacts to the back, front, left, and right sides. Youth ice hockey players sustain helmet impacts nearing 20 g on average, similar to measured values in collegiate American football players, and of potential concern because this sample involves younger athletes. Future biomechanical studies are needed to better interpret the finding that there is an increased likelihood of higher magnitude head impacts to the top of the head. The authors' long-term goal is to improve the understanding of impacts that may lead to concussions in young athletes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".