Inhibitory Effect of Exogenous Orexin A on Gastric Emptying, Plasma Leptin, and the Distribution of Orexin and Orexin Receptors in the Gut and Pancreas in Man
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) is a novel peptide that appears to play a role in the regulation of food intake, arousal, and energy balance. The aim of this study was to study the effect of iv infusion of OXA on gastric emptying, appetite, leptin, ghrelin, and glucose metabolism in man (six normal men) and the localization of OXA and orexin receptors (OXRs) 1 and 2 in the human gut. Gastric emptying was studied scintigraphically after ingestion of a 99mTc-labeled omelet and iv infusion of OXA (10 pmol/kg.min). Appetite ratings and blood samples were obtained at regular intervals. The immunohistochemical distribution of OXA and OXRs was examined using antibodies recognizing OXA, OX1R, and OX2R in human gastrointestinal tissue. OXA had no effect on lag phase or gastric half-emptying time. However, the gastric emptying rate was significantly slower without affecting appetite ratings. Plasma concentrations of insulin were increased by OXA, whereas plasma leptin decreased and ghrelin was unchanged. OXA immunoreactivity was observed in a subset of neurons and varicose nerve fibers in the mucosa, ganglia, and circular muscle layer and mucosal endocrine cells in the stomach and small intestine. OXA-immunoreactive cells in the islets of Langerhans contained insulin with a subset expressing OX2R. In conclusion, peripheral OXA seems to slightly affect the regulation of gastric emptying in humans without affecting appetite ratings. OXA decreased plasma levels of leptin, suggesting a possible interaction between leptin and OXA in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".