Interfacial Rheology of Heavy Oil-Aqueous Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures: Effect of Diluents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) operations the produced fluids are complex water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions. A diluent is often added to reduce the density and viscosity of the heavy crude oil. However, the quality and composition of the diluents may in some cases increase emulsion stability and cause the dehydration of the oil to be more difficult as there are more surface-active agents added to the oil coming from the diluent streams. To simulate temperature and pressure conditions during SAGD operations, this work studied the effect of three diluents on interfacial rheology of a Canadian heavy oil and synthetic brine at 120°C and 130 psi and then correlated with emulsion stability and oil dehydration. When compared to 25°C, all three diluents exhibited higher higher compressibility at 120°C, while the initial interfacial tension, "phase change" area ratio (area ratio at which the phase change from high compressibility region to low compressibility region), and crumpling ratio (ratio of the compressed surface area to the original area at which the interface starts to collapse) exhibited a more complex behavior. The higher interfacial tension and higher compressibility were correlated with the lower emulsion stability at increasing pressure and temperature in the absence of treating chemicals. Increasing ageing of the film from 10 minutes to 1 hour at 120°C had a similar effect on the three diluents, suggesting the formation of a more elastic film as asphaltenes start to cross-link on the interface. The effect of demulsifiers (emulsion breakers-EB and reverse emulsion breakers-REB) on interfacial was also investigated at RT and 90°C. Demulsifiers that produced the minimum interfacial tension (IFT) with changing concentrations demonstrated to be the best demulsifiers in the bottle tests. A synergistic effect in reducing IFT was found when EB and REB when combined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".