Secondary Cracking of C4 Hydrocarbons from Heavy Oil Catalytic Pyrolysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract For C4 hydrocarbons from heavy oil catalytic pyrolysis, the cracking behaviours on catalyst CEP‐1 and quartz sand were investigated in a confined fluidized bed reactor. C4 hydrocarbons show a good cracking ability on CEP‐1, and butene is easier to convert than butane. Only at high reaction temperatures can butane present a good cracking ability. On catalyst CEP‐1, C4 hydrocarbons can undergo not only cracking reactions, but also such reactions as hydrogen transfer, polymerization and aromatization. The conversion of C4 hydrocarbons thermal pyrolysis is high, indicating that free radical reactions play an important part in the secondary cracking of C4 hydrocarbons. The product yields of C4 hydrocarbons pyrolysis on quartz sand are usually lower than those on catalyst CEP‐1. For both catalytic pyrolysis and thermal pyrolysis of C4 hydrocarbons, the selectivity of propene is higher than that of ethene.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".