The effects of organic fluids on physicochemical parameters of fine-grained soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Researchers have shown that properties of fine-grained soils such as hydraulic conductivity change significantly when the pore fluid is replaced with organic liquids. In general, such changes have been reported as a function of the dielectric constant of the pore fluid and attributed to changes in soil structure. However, mechanisms causing changes in soil structure are yet to be understood. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of kaolinite, bentonite, and a local soil are determined as a function of the dielectric constant of pore fluids to evaluate the mechanisms causing changes in soil structure and, in turn, hydraulic conductivity. The physicochemical parameters determined in this study are cation exchange capacity (CEC), zeta potential (ζ), surface charge density, pore-size distribution, and Atterberg limits. Results show that physicochemical properties change as the dielectric constant of the pore fluid changes, such that as the dielectric constant of the pore fluid approaches that of the soil, the repulsive and attractive forces diminish; yet, there is a net increase in the attractive forces, causing aggregation of the particles. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that as repulsive forces decrease the soil particles tend to flocculate and form aggregates due to attractive forces among particles, leading to a net increase in the effective flow area, resulting in increased hydraulic conductivity of the soil - pore fluid system.Key words: fine-grained soils, diffuse double layer, attractive forces, physicochemical parameters, CEC, zeta potential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".