Analysis of cold season streamflow response to variability of climate in north-western North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have correlated interannual streamflow fluctuations with changes in the climate. We note that decadal shifts in climate forcing can impart a stronger signal on streamflow than does the long-term climatic trend. In north-western North America, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which is strong in the cold season, may exert influence on interannual variations in spring high flows. In the 20th century, several major shifts in the PDO have been recognized. However, the rivers of Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia and Alberta have variable response to such climate signals. An analysis of the flow of rivers in this region indicates that a number of rivers draining the Pacific coast are positively correlated with PDO and some rivers in the interior correlate negatively. Not all river flows correlate with the PDO because factors such as location, topography and storage can overwhelm the climatic influence. Given these considerations, the interpretation of long-term trends in streamflow should take account of the interdecadal climatic shifts and basin characteristics that affect flow generation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".