Intracrinology and The Skin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The skin, the largest organ in the human body, is composed of a series of androgen-sensitive components that all express the steroidogenic enzymes required to transform dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In fact, in post-menopausal women, all sex steroids made in the skin are from adrenal steroid precursors, especially DHEA. Secretion of this precursor steroid by the adrenals decreases progressively from the age of 30 years to less than 50% of its maximal value at the age of 60 years. DHEA applied topically or by the oral route stimulates sebaceous gland activity, the changes observed being completely blocked in the rat by a pure antiandrogen while a pure antiestrogen has no significant effect, thus indicating a predominant or almost exclusive androgenic effect. In human skin, the enzyme that transforms DHEA into androstenedione is type 1 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (type 1 3beta-HSD) as revealed by RNase protection and immunocytochemistry. The conversion of androstenedione into testosterone is then catalyzed in the human skin by type 5 17beta-HSD. All the epidermal cells and cells of the sebaceous glands are labelled by type 5 17beta-HSD. This enzyme is also present at a high level in the hair follicles. Type 1 is the 5alpha-reductase isoform responsible in human skin for the conversion of testosterone into DHT. In the vagina, on the other hand, DHEA exerts mainly an estrogenic effect, this effect having been demonstrated in the rat as well as in post-menopausal women. On the other hand, in experimental animals as well as in post-menopausal women, DHEA, at physiological doses, does not affect the endometrial epithelium, thus indicating the absence of DHEA-converting enzymes in this tissue, and avoiding the need for progestins when DHEA is used as hormone replacement therapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".