Effect of addition of fentanyl to local anesthetic in brachial plexus block on duration of analgesia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/CONTEXT: A comparative study was carried out to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and side effects of addition of fentanyl to local anesthetic undergoing surgeries on forearm and elbow. All patients were hemodynamically stable, and there were no serious side effects in any of the patients in both the groups. The difference in the mean duration of analgesia between the groups was statistically significant (P<0.01). So we can conclude- Addition of Fentanyl to local anaesthetic in brachial plexus block increases duration of analgesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were randomly divided into two groups: group I (control) and group II (study). All the patients were subjected to brachial plexus block with supraclavicular approach. After obtaining paraesthesia, drugs were administered as follows: Group I (control): bupivacaine 0.5% 20 mL + lignocaine 2% 10 mL + NS 1 mL Group II (study): bupivacaine 0.5% 20 mL + lignocaine 2% 10 mL + fentanyl 1 mL (50 microgm). Observations were noted. All the relevant information was recorded on a pretested, predefined, semi-open pro forma sheet. Regular monitoring of PR, BP and RR, side effects,degree of sedation were recorded. Evaluation of pain and pain relief was done according to McGill pain questionnaire (0- no pain to 5- excruciating pain). When patients complained of discomforting pain (McGill grade II), parenteral analgesic was prescribed, and the total number of doses in the 24-hour period was noted. RESULTS: The duration of analgesia in group II (study) was significantly longer (695±85 min) than those in group I (415±78 min). However, onset time of analgesia was prolonged in group 2. We conclude that the addition of fentanyl to local anesthetics causes an improved success rate of sensory blockade but a delayed onset of analgesia, although this may be accounted for by the decreased pH caused by fentanyl. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of side effects between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that the mean duration of analgesia is extended if fentanyl is added to local anesthetics, without increasing the side effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".