Voltage-variable attenuator MMIC using phase cancellation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new microwave voltage-variable attenuator integrated circuit operating from 1.0 GHz to 3.5 GHz with a large attenuation range is demonstrated in this work. The input signal enters an active balun circuit, which generates an in-phase (0°) signal and an out-of-phase (180°) signal of equal amplitudes. The signals then pass through a pair of source-follower buffer circuits and then through two common-gate (CG) NMOS devices. The drains of the two CG circuits are connected together at the load. While one CG transistor is kept fully on, the gate bias of the second CG device is varied and the amplitude of the signal passing through it changes. Therefore, when the two signals emerging from the CG transistors are added at the output, variable attenuation occurs. The circuit exhibits a measured attenuation range of approximately 30 dB. The 1 dB compression point occurs at an input power of −13 dBm when the attenuation is set to 12 dB. The second harmonic is suppressed by at least 20 dB up to the 1 dB compression point and the measured IIP3 is 3 dBm. The IC was implemented using 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The circuit measures 575 μm by 275 μm including bonding pads and it consumes 18 mW of DC power.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".