Experimental Study of Shallow Open Channel Turbulent Flows Over Rough Walls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the effects of bed roughness on the turbulence characteristics of shallow open channel flows. The measurements were performed in a recirculating open channel flow over a reference smooth bed and a three-dimensional rough bed (36-grit sandpaper). The velocity measurements were conducted using a high resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) system. The Reynolds number based on the depth of flow (h) and freestream velocity (Ue) varied from 21000 to 30000 and the Froude number ranged from 0.46 to 0.65. Two smooth bed experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Reynolds number on the open channel flow. The mean velocities and Reynolds stresses for the two smooth cases were observed to be weakly dependent on Reynolds number. The effect of bed roughness was observed to penetrate into the outer layer of the boundary layer. The results show that bed roughness significantly increased the skin friction coefficient, wake parameter, boundary layer parameters, as well as the mean velocity, Reynolds stresses and the energy budget terms. A two-point correlation analysis showed that the coherent structures were also significantly modified by bed roughness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".