Numerical Simulation of Foamy Oil Depletion Tests
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Foamy oil flow, a phenomenon associated with primary production of heavy oil under solution gas drive, is a widely accepted explanation for the high recovery factors observed in some heavy oil reservoirs. A number of theoretical, experimental and field studies related to the subject have been conducted to develop an understanding of the mechanisms involved. However, our understanding of the phenomenon is still incomplete. One specific area that remains uncertain is the best methodology for reservoir simulation for predicting the future performance. The objectives of this study were to simulate several depletion experiments carried out in a 2 m long sand-pack and compare the results obtained with a Black Oil Model (IMEX) and a reaction rate based Foamy Oil Model that is available in CMG's Advanced Thermal Model (STARS). The results show that the foamy oil model provides more accurate matching of the experimental results compared to the black oil model. Sensitivity studies done with both models show that:relative permeabilities to gas and oil have very significant effects on oil production,reservoir fluids properties like mole fraction or ratio of original dissolved gas to dead oil, viscosity of the dead oil and the liquid-phase viscosity of gas have meaningful effects on oil production, andthe distributions of oil, dissolved gas, free gas and pressure along the sand-pack changes significantly with depletion rates. ased on the history matching and sensitivity analysis, the influences of certain reservoir parameters, such as oil viscosity, pressure depletion rates, critical gas saturation, initial pressure and solution gas to oil ratio (GOR) on the performance of foamy solution gas drive were examined. Introduction There is considerable world-wide interest in economically producing heavy oil and oil sands. There are vast heavy oil and oil sands resources in the world, which are estimated between 6.04×1011 m3 and 9.86×101011 m3 in total. Of these Canada holds about 4.69×101011 m3 or 42% of the worldwide total1 and Venezuela holds about 27% of the worldwide total. According to EUB 2004 statistics reports2, the initial volumes of in-place heavy oil and bitumen in Alberta were estimated to be 2.052×10109 m3 and 258.9×10109 m3 respectively. Currently, most of the heavy oil resource in Canada is exploited by using primary production scheme with expected recovery factor of about 5%. However, several heavy oil reservoirs in the west anada and Venezuela and China under solution gas drive have shown anomalous behavior: high oil production rates, low GOR and high recovery. Smith3 reported that the primary recovery of heavy oil under solution gas drive in several Canadian reservoirs was much higher than what would be predicted using the conventional method. Since then the primary recovery of heavy oil under solution gas drive has received considerable attention in the literature. To explain this unusual recovery behavior, three fundamental mechanisms have been postulated in recent publications. Geomechanical effects, fluid flow effects, and the combination of geomechanical and fluid flow effects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it