Gender differences and the factors that affect family business growth in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
What affects the growth of family business in Canada? What hinders the growth of family business? This study examines the factors that affect the growth of family business in Western Canada. Family business owners were surveyed to gather information. Subjects were asked about their beliefs, perceptions, and feelings regarding corporate governance, management skills, experience, family size, firm size, and the growth of their family businesses. We found that family business growth is positively associated with CEO duality, board size, firm size, management skills of the board members, experience, family size, gender, and industry. We found that male respondents stated that family business growth is positively associated with board size, firm size, management skills, and experience. Female respondents indicated that family business growth is positively associated with CEO duality, management skills, and family size. This study contributes to the literature on the factors that affect the growth of family businesses. The findings may be useful for financial managers, family business owners, stakeholders, investors, and small business management consultants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".