Liquid Turbulence Spectra in Two-Phase Bubbly Flow Under Turbulence Augmentation and Suppression Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental investigation was performed in air-water bubbly flow to study the liquid turbulence spectra in a 200mm diameter vertical pipe. A dual optical probe was used to measure the local void fraction and bubble diameter while the liquid velocities were measured using hot-film anemometry. Experiments were performed at two liquid superficial velocities of 0.2 and 0.68m/s for gas superficial velocities in the range of 0 to 0.18m/s. Generally, as the void fraction increases there is a turbulence augmentation. However, a turbulence suppression was observed near the pipe wall at the higher liquid flow rate for low void fraction. In the augmentation case, the turbulence spectra showed a significant increase in the energy at the wave number range comparable to the bubble diameter. In the suppression case, the spectra showed that suppression initially occurs at the low wave number range and then extends to higher wave numbers as suppression increased.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".