Uptake of foliar or soil application of <sup>15</sup>N-labelled urea solution at anthesis and its affect on wheat grain yield and protein
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the effect of 15 N-labelled urea solution foliar- or soil-applied at anthesis on recovery of fertilizer N in grain, grain protein and grain yield of Canadian Western Red Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Recovery of 15 N-labelled urea-N in grain ranged from 4.5 to 26.7% with foliar application, and from 32.3 to 70.1% with soil application. Amending the urea solution with the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) improved recovery of soil-applied N in exp. 1 only and did not increase N recovery from foliar applications. Nitrogen recovery of foliar-applied urea was increased on average from 10.6 to 25.0% by adding nonyl phenol ethoxylates (NPE), a non-ionic surfactant, to the urea solution. Grain protein was higher when urea was applied to the soil than when applied to the foliage. Addition of N at planting increased both grain protein and yield while only protein was enhanced with fertilizer N applied at anthesis. Although wheat cultivar, soil type and growing environment differed in the two experiments, protein content consistently increased with N application at anthesis, indicating the effect of N applied at anthesis is constant across a range of conditions. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT, non ionic surfactant, wetting agent, nitrogen recovery
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it