Soapnut Extract as a Natural Surfactant for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Primary and secondary recovery of oil from oil reservoirs contributes approximately 30% of the total oil in place in most oil reservoirs. Since the current economic development is heavily dependent on fossil fuel, increasing the amount of oil recovery is given considerable attention. One of the most widely used methods for enhanced oil recovery is the application of various types of surfactants in order to reduce the oil-water interfacial tension. However, the surfactants being used today are usually synthetic chemicals and polymers, which are expensive, linked to fossil fuels, and detrimental to the environment. In thisarticle, a natural surfactant prepared from the pericarp shell of fruit (Sapindus mukurossi) collected from a naturally available tree was used to reduce oil-water interfacial tension. The effect of surfactant concentration with 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, and 12% was investigated. The effect of heat on interfacial tension was also studied. The experimental results showed that extract has a great potential to be used as a surfactant for enhanced oil recovery schemes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it