Initial pitch informs sentence duration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study re-examines the potential relation between sentence duration and sentence-initial fundamental frequency (F0), in both speech production and perception, and provides perceptual evidence for speech planning. Liberman and Pierrehumbert [in Language Sound Structure, edited by Aronoff & Oerhle (MIT Press, Cambridge, 1984)] argued that a correspondence between sentence length and initial F0 would accommodate declination and could be evidence for speech planning. Unfortunately, their study did not provide strong evidence either for or against this intriguing possibility. The present study has two parts: First, read sentences were recorded for native English speakers and the relation between sentence length and F0 was analyzed. With a few exceptions, longer sentences had higher initial F0. Second, 24 listeners were presented with initial portions (300 and 700 ms) of the recorded sentences and asked to make both relative and absolute predictions of total sentence duration. Subjects consistently associated sentence fragments containing higher initial F0 with longer sentences. [Research supported by NSERC and CFI.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".