Homotopy-based semi-supervised Hidden Markov Models for sequence labeling
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores the use of the homotopy method for training a semi-supervised Hidden Markov Model (HMM) used for sequence labeling. We provide a novel polynomial-time algorithm to trace the local maximum of the likelihood function for HMMs from full weight on the labeled data to full weight on the unlabeled data. We present an experimental analysis of different techniques for choosing the best balance between labeled and unlabeled data based on the characteristics observed along this path. Furthermore, experimental results on the field segmentation task in information extraction show that the Homotopy-based method significantly outperforms EM-based semi-supervised learning, and provides a more accurate alternative to the use of held-out data to pick the best balance for combining labeled and unlabeled data.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it