Excess conductivities of isobutyric acid + water binary mixtures near and far away from the critical temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The excess conductivities, σ E and excess energy of activation (ΔEσ )E of electrical conductivity have been investigated by using electrical conductivities measurements for isobutyric acid + water (IBAW) mixtures over the entire range of mole fractions at six different temperatures, both near and close to the critical temperature (0.055 < (T–T c)/K < 13.055). The results were also fitted with the Redlich–Kister equation. This system exhibited very large negative values of σE and very large positive values of (ΔEσ )E due to increased hydrogen bonding interactions and correlation length between unlike molecules in the critical region, and to very large differences between the molar volumes of the pure components at low temperatures. The activation parameters ΔHσ and ΔSσ have also been calculated, and show that the critical region has an important effect on the electrical conductivity properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".