Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper we compare the economic integration of Latin American immigrants arriving in Israel under the provisions of the Law of Return with selected benchmark groups: Jewish native-born, immigrants from Europe, Ethiopia, Asia and Africa, the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and English-speaking countries. Our analysis is based on data of the Labor Force Survey 2011 collected by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. Our findings suggest that Latin American immigrants enjoy a relatively advantageous position in the Israeli labor market. They are located in the middle of the ethnic hierarchy and have attained socioeconomic occupational positions of similar status to that of the Israeli native-born, higher than that of immigrants from the FSU, Ethiopia, and Asia and Africa, but relatively lower than that of immigrants from Europe and ESCs (North America, Australia and South Africa). Our analysis also reveals marked gender gaps. Latino women, like all other working women, seem to suffer from structural disadvantages in the Israeli labor market deriving from their concentration in female-dominated occupations, especially in the social services sector. In the conclusion we discuss the findings in light of existing theories. Dans cet article, nous comparons l’intégration des immigrants latino-américains qui sont arrivés en Israël en vertu de la Loi du Retour en utilisant plusieurs groupes de référence : les Juifs natifs, les immigrants de l’Europe, d’Éthiopie, de l’Asie, de l’Afrique, de l’ancienne Union Soviétique et des pays anglophones. Notre analyse est basée sur des données de l’Enquête sur la main-d’œuvre de 2011, réalisée par l’Office central des statistiques d’Israël. Les résultats montrent que les immigrants latino-américains occupent une position relativement avantagée dans le marché du travail. Ils se trouvent au milieu de la hiérarchie ethnique et ils ont atteint des niveaux socioéconomiques et professionnels de statut similaire à celui des Israéliens natifs, plus élevé que celui des immigrants d’Éthiopie, de l’Asie, de l’Afrique et de l’ancienne Union Soviétique, mais relativement plus faible que celui des immigrants de l’Europe et des pays anglophones (Afrique du Sud, Australie, Canada et États-Unis). Notre étude révèle également des différences marquées sur le plan du genre. Les femmes d’origine latino-américaine, comme d’autres femmes immigrantes, semblent subir les effets d’un désavantage structurel dans le marché du travail israélien, notamment en raison de leur concentration dans des secteurs d’occupation à prédominance féminine (particulièrement les services sociaux). En conclusion, les résultats sont interprétés à la lumière de considérations théoriques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".