Dramatic diatom species assemblage responses in lakes recovering from acidification and metal contamination near Wawa, Ontario, Canada: a paleolimnological perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several lakes near Wawa (Ontario, Canada) present a rare opportunity for studying rapid chemical and biological recovery from acidification and metal contamination. Surface water pH levels in some of these lakes have increased from 3 to 7 following local sulphur emission reductions and closure of an iron ore sintering plant. We used paleolimnological techniques to track diatom community responses to historical water quality changes in five lakes. Pre-industrial diatom assemblages recorded in lake sediments were dominated by species typical of circumneutral pH levels and were characterized by minimal species compositional change. Following the onset of sintering in 1939, there was a striking shift towards acid- and metal-tolerant Eunotia -dominated species assemblages, sometimes consisting of high quantities of teratological Eunotia valves. Recent dramatic water quality improvements, following first reductions in and then cessation of emissions, were accompanied by decreases in the relative abundance of benthic acid- and metal-tolerant species in the sediment record. However, diatom recovery trajectories did not entirely progress towards predisturbance communities, as the contemporaneous increase in relative abundance of other species was restricted to a few groups. Moreover, diatom responses were not synchronous among cores, with recovery rates influenced by local bedrock and the hydrological regime of each lake.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".