Bibliographic record
Abstract
The state of human airways is typically assessed by spirometry, i.e., by measuring airflow during maximum forced expiration. The required effort excludes subjects who cannot or will not perform such maneuvers. Turbulent airflow during normal breathing generates sound that can be recorded at the chest surface. Changes in airway caliber, e.g., by constriction or dilation, and concurrent changes in the tension of the airway walls affect the relation of airflow and breath sounds. This relation is complex and incompletely understood. However, the possibility to assess changes in the state of human airways by the relation of airflow and breath sounds promises an opportunity to develop auxiliary methods to spirometry. Two regions of the human airways have attracted the interest of researchers in respiratory acoustics. Breath sounds over the trachea (windpipe) increase in their airflow-specific intensity on narrowing of the upper airways, e.g., due to abnormal anatomy, infectious causes etc. Furthermore, spectral characteristics of tracheal sounds may indicate the region of abnormality. On the other hand, breath sounds over the chest change in their airflow-specific intensity with constriction of airways in the lung, e.g., due to asthma. It may therefore be possible to monitor the effectiveness of treatment by acoustical means.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".