Investigation of Wake Effects on the Energy Production of Small Wind Turbines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of natural and man-made obstructions on local wind conditions and the performance of small wind turbines when impacted by wake effects. The rural site used for this research contains three Skystream 3.7 turbines in close proximity to each other and several buildings. A 13 m meteorological tower with wind speed and direction sensors was installed in a nearby open area. An empirical analysis was conducted to provide a comparison of turbine performance and measured wind speed for each turbine as a function of localized disturbances caused by turbine placement. Turbine proximity to nearby buildings was observed to cause an overall reduction in power production, although cases of apparent wind speed-up induced by the buildings, and increased relative power output, were also observed. A reduction in wind turbine power output due to the wake of an adjacent turbine was observed. Overall, the turbine closest to the buildings produced about 10% less energy during the measurement period than the most distant turbine. This study confirmed the importance of careful micrositing of small wind turbines, and the complexity of the flow field near buildings and wind turbines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".