Gastric Evacuation and Daily Ration of Naturally Produced Age‐0 Chinook Salmon in Lake Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Almost 30 years after natural reproduction of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was discovered in Lake Ontario tributaries, little is known about the feeding dynamics of these fish after they enter the lake. This study assesses consumption by naturally produced age‐0 Chinook salmon as they enter the nearshore region of Lake Ontario after emigrating from the Salmon River, New York, a major U.S. tributary of Lake Ontario. Evacuation rate, estimated as a function of temperature in controlled laboratory experiments, ranged from 0.214/h at 10°C to 0.352/h at 19°C. Diel field sampling for daily ration estimates occurred on three dates in late spring (June 6, 12, and 18, 2001). Although no consistent diel feeding pattern was observed, Chinook salmon maintained an elevated gut fullness value throughout the day and did not feed after dark. Moreover, daily rations (grams [dry weight] of ration per 100 g of dry fish weight), which ranged from 27.54 (SE = 3.07) on June 12 to 33.27 (3.7) on June 6, were high compared with the values obtained in similar studies. Comparisons of daily ration estimates with bioenergetics model estimates showed that juvenile Chinook salmon were consuming prey at or above their maximum estimated daily ration. Daily ring counts of sagittal otoliths confirmed that the Chinook salmon in this investigation were naturally produced. Our results indicate that current food conditions in the nearshore waters of Lake Ontario are suitable for sustaining maximum consumption rates by naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon that have recently migrated into the lake from spawning tributaries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".