Wintertime precipitation behavior in the western Canadian Arctic region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate the precipitation formation process in the two major types of weather systems (“Pacific origin” and “storm track” types) in the western Canadian Arctic region, an X‐band vertical pointing Doppler radar, microwave radiometer were installed at Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada, during the midwinter of 1995/1996. Precise precipitation observations specially for ice crystals with replicator, microscope, and close‐up photos were also conducted at the same place. Precipitation formation mechanisms were quite different between these two major weather systems. For the Pacific‐origin‐type disturbance, warm and moist air was advected from the Pacific Ocean between 1.5 and 3.5 km msl. Convective echo patterns appeared by radar, and a large amount of precipitable water vapor and liquid water path were estimated by a microwave radiometer. As the air temperature was below the freezing point, the liquid water was identified as being in the supercooled state. Densely rimed dendrites and graupel particles were observed predominantly on the ground. Collision and coalescence processes of supercooled cloud droplets were dominant. On the contrary, for the storm track disturbance the moisture came from the Arctic Ocean, and strong winds were observed on the ground. The air mass was colder than −20°C throughout the layer. Stratiform echo patterns were observed by radar, a smaller amount of precipitable water vapor, and only a small liquid water path were observed by a microwave radiometer. It was suggested that the condensation growth was predominant. Snow crystal shapes of plates, columns, and bullet rosettes were observed predominantly on the ground.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".