Characterization of Canadian Heavy Oils Using Sequential Extraction Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A newly developed characterization protocol was performed in this study on two Canadian heavy oils, Athabasca and Morgan. This protocol focused on the sequential extraction of asphaltene subfractions based on a change of polarity of a binary system, a solvent and a titrant. The selected solvent was tetrahydrofuran, and the titrant was n-hexane boiling at almost the same temperature. The resulting asphaltenes subfractions were separated by a decreasing polarity. This new protocol allowed collection of each asphaltene subfraction in addition to the determination of the asphaltene subfraction that is more responsible for high viscosity. All subfractions originating from both oils were analyzed using different analytical techniques. Trends in polarity and metal contents were observed. The high field NMR allowed detection of differences between the fractions and determination of the fractions characteristics responsible for high viscosity. The maltenes were further fractionated into saturate, aromatic, and resin fractions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".