Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The 629 m long immersed George Massey Tunnel passes under the south arm of the Fraser River near Vancouver, British Columbia. The tunnel was completed in 1959. Based on current seismic design standards, the precast concrete structure is grossly under‐reinforced in the longitudinal direction. Buckland & Taylor Ltd was retained by the Ministry of Transportation of British Columbia to conduct a seismic assessment and final design for the seismic safety retrofit of the tunnel. A number of vulnerabilities were identified including soil liquefaction in the loose jetted sand and native deposits underneath the tunnel, resulting in tunnel flotation, large differential lateral displacements, and post‐liquefaction consolidation settlements, subsequently imposing large tensile and compressive forces in the weak tunnel joints. The situation of cracking and water leakage potentially creates a life hazard in the event of a major earthquake. During the final design, detailed non‐linear dynamic geotechnical analyses were conducted to study the effects of soil liquefaction and to evaluate ground improvement measures. Detailed structural analyses were also conducted considering different proposed retrofit schemes to enable the tunnel section to handle the soil displacement demands. Centrifuge model testing was used to calibrate and verify the liquefaction characteristics predicted by the numerical models and the proposed densification and gravel drainage techniques. Field testing of gravel drains was performed to collect data on the performance of different types of gravel drains. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".