Transport of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids in Porous Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance plasmids play important roles in resistance buildup and spread in soil and groundwater. However, very limited work has been reported in the literature to examine the transport behavior of free resistance plasmids in the environment. In this work, the transport of eight resistance plasmid vectors (pUC18, pBlueScript II SK(+), pBR322, pFastBac HT A, pBABE‐Puro, pcDNA3.1(+)/myc‐His A, pcDNA3.1(+)/Flag‐His A+ATM, and pAdEasy‐1) in quartz sand was investigated through packed column experiments. At ionic strengths up to 0.05 mol L −1 in NaCl solutions and 0.006 mol L −1 in CaCl 2 solutions, adsorption rate coefficients of all the plasmids examined were <0.19 h −1 at a fluid velocity of 6.1 m d −1 . This result indicates that under environmentally relevant flow and solution chemistry conditions, free plasmids may transport across significant distances and may have the potential to spread antibiotic resistance to much larger areas and more receptors in the environment. As ionic strength increased, adsorption of plasmids in CaCl 2 solutions increased dramatically. Adsorbed plasmids could be partly desorbed at reduced ionic strengths. These observations indicate that the transport behavior of free plasmids is very similar to the transport of colloids commonly examined in the literature (e.g., latex microspheres and bacteria). No noticeable difference in breakthrough concentrations of linear and supercoiled plasmids was observed. At higher ionic strengths (0.02 and 0.05 mol L −1 ) in CaCl 2 , the size of the plasmids was found to play a predominant role in governing their transport under identical flow and solution chemistry conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".