View-based categorization and face discrimination: Does categorization occur after face detection?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research has suggested that object recognition does not follow a linear processing sequence of object detection, object categorization, and within-category identification. Rather, an object's category is retrieved as soon as it is detected (Grill-Spector & Kanwisher, 2005, Psychological Science). Here we examined whether face recognition is processed likewise, when face view is regarded as a category. We measured behavioural performance on three tasks: face detection, face-view categorization, and within-view face identification, by using the method of constant stimuli combined with a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) match-to-sample paradigm. The stimuli were synthetic faces (size: 3.25° × 4.49°) with 5 views for each face identity (front, 20° left, 20° right, 20° up, 20° down). The observer's task was to identify the previously-flashed stimulus between two alternatives, following brief presentation of a stimulus (duration between 13 and 133 ms) and a mask. The two alternatives were: (1) a face and a non-face (detection task), (2) two different face views of the same individual (categorization task), and (3) a face and its anti-face with the same view (identification task). Detection threshold as a function of presentation time was the point of 75%-correct performance on the psychometric function. The results showed a significantly shorter threshold duration for face detection than for face-view categorization, and only a slightly (non-significantly) shorter threshold duration for face-view categorization than for face identification. Further analysis suggested a significant difference between the psychometric functions for categorization and identification. We demonstrated that the face-view category is retrieved after face detection, and importantly, this view-based categorical analysis takes almost as long as the face identification process. We therefore concluded that the processing sequence of view-based face recognition does not follow Grill-Spector and Kanwisher's proposal on object recognition. Additional processing is essential for face-view categorization as opposed to face detection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".