A New Analytical Method for Analyzing Linear Flow in Tight/Shale Gas Reservoirs: Constant-Rate Boundary Condition
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Hydraulically fractured vertical and horizontal wells completed in shale gas and some tight gas plays are known to exhibit long periods of linear flow. Recently, techniques for analyzing this flow period using (normalized) production data have been put forth, but there are known errors associated with the analysis. In this paper, linear flow from fractured wells completed in tight/shale gas reservoirs subject to a constant-production-rate constraint is studied. We show analytically that the square-root-of-time plot (a plot of rate-normalized pressure vs. square root of time that is commonly used to interpret linear flow) depends on the production rate. We also show that depending on production rate, the square-root-of-time plot may not be a straight line during linear flow; the higher the production rate, the earlier in time the plot deviates from the expected straight line. This deviation creates error in the analysis, especially for flow-regime identification. To address this issue, a new analytical method is developed for analyzing linear-flow data for the constant-gas-rate production constraint. The method is then validated using a number of numerically simulated cases. As expected, on the basis of the analytical derivation, the square-root-of-time plots for these cases depend on gas-production rate and, for some cases, the plot does not appear as a straight line during linear flow. Finally, we found that there is excellent agreement between the fracture half-lengths obtained using this method and the input fracture half-lengths entered in to numerical simulation.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it