Long-term study of gamete release in a broadcast-spawning holothurian: predictable lunar and diel periodicities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Annual and monthly patterns of gamete release by the sea cucumber Isostichopus fuscus \non the coast of Ecuador were studied to determine the proximal spawning cue and variations in \nreproductive output throughout the year. Several hundred newly collected individuals were monitored \nnearly every month for 4 yr. I. fuscus displayed a lunar spawning periodicity: 0.7 to 34.9% of \nindividuals consistently spawned 1 to 4 d after the new moon. Spawning mostly occurred within one \nevening; however, some gamete release was often recorded over 2 to 4 consecutive evenings. Individuals \nmaintained in captivity for several months retained their spawning periodicity and timing \nwith the lunar cycle. Conversely, newly caught individuals that were shaded from the moonlight did \nnot spawn, thus demonstrating the apparent lack of endogenous rhythms and prevalence of lunar \nluminance over other cues (i.e. tidal cycle, fluctuations in barometric pressure). On a spawning night, \nmales typically initiated gamete release around sunset; females spawned just after the peak male \nbroadcast. The percentage of spawning individuals was higher and a greater overlap between male \nand female peak spawning activity was observed during clear conditions compared with overcast \nconditions. The gonads of individuals that did not spawn in a given month showed a variety of maturity \nlevels, including post-spawning, growth and mature gametogenic stages. Hence, the individual \nreproductive cycle is apparently longer than the monthly spawning periodicity observed at the population \nlevel, enabling I. fuscus populations to be reproductive year round.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".