Human Movement Analysis: Extension of the F-Statistic to Time Series Using HMM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optical motion tracking has enhanced human movement analysis in medicine, biomechanics, and rehabilitation science by providing highly accurate joint angle measurements over time. However, analyzing the large amount of recorded data is challenging. The process is usually simplified by calculating descriptive measures, such as the minimum, mean, or maximum, from the time series data. We propose a novel technique for the analysis of human motion data, which considers the complete time series data and is based on the F-statistic traditionally used in medical and biomechanical studies. The time series data is modeled by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and the F-statistic is reformulated using the Kullback-Leibler divergence for comparing HMMs. This provides a novel technique to enhance the analysis of human movement data and includes an automatic generation of group-specific trajectories to simplify visual data analysis. It is further suitable as time-series based, univariate feature selection technique in machine learning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".