A developmental study of vowels spoken in syllables and in sentence context
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the effects of context on the production of vowels spoken by children of different ages in isolation and in a carrier sentence. Vowels were extracted from a database of hVd syllables produced by 207 native English talkers from the North Texas region, ranging in age from 5 to 18 years with approximately equal numbers of males and females. Preliminary analysis of a subset of the database (around 25% of talkers) showed a systematic reduction in vowel duration with increasing age for syllables in isolation. Vowels in sentence context were on average 30% shorter than in isolated syllables, and durations were less closely linked to age group. Formant frequencies (F1–F3) showed similar patterns for vowels in isolated syllables and sentences, and decreased as a function of age as expected. However, measures of formant movement across the vowel (from 20 to 80% of the vowel duration) revealed increased F1 and F2 movement for syllables in isolation compared to those produced in carrier sentences. A comprehensive analysis of the database will be presented and implications for vowel recognition will be discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".