P10.08 PULMONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION IN RACEHORSES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) has been sporadically reported in horses, but little is known regarding cause, pathogenesis and clinical significance. We hypothesized that in horses, structural and molecular changes may occur during VC that are comparable to human and mouse models. We surveyed Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses (n=101) for the prevalence, distribution and severity of VC. Histopathological, ultrastructural imaging and energy dispersive X-ray elemental analyses were used to examine the lesions. Immunohistochemistry for cell markers (smooth muscle α-actin, SM22α and Sox9) was performed in selected samples from control (n=10), mildly (n=10), and severely (n=10) calcified arteries. Results showed that calcification of the tunica media of mainly the pulmonary artery branches, was present in 82% of horses, and both breeds and genders were similarly affected. Lesions appeared as white-to-yellowish, hard, gritty plaques of variable size. Microscopically, elastic fibers were thin, fragmented and calcified, and surrounded by dense collagen matrix, as described for Mönckeberg sclerosis. Elemental analysis of the calcified areas was consistent with hydroxyapatite mineral. No immunoreactivity for the smooth muscle cell markers, smooth muscle α-actin and SM22α was observed in cells found at the calcification site. Many of these cells had a chondrocytic phenotype appearance and showed immunoreactivity for Sox9, a chondrocyte marker. Arterial calcification in horses share histopathological features with arterial medial calcification in humans and may result in similar physiological abnormalities such as vascular stiffness. The occurrence of VC in young racing horses indicates the need to investigate its pathogenesis and potential clinical implications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".